Commonly encountered nephrotoxic agents and exposuresa
| Therapeutic Agents | Alternative Products | Diagnostic Agents | Environmental Exposures |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial | Herbal remedies | Radiocontrast | Heavy metals |
| Aminoglycosides | Aristolochic acid | High osmolar | Lead |
| Antiviral agents | Ephedrasp. | Low osmolar | Mercury |
| Amphotericin B | Glycyrrhizasp. | Iso-osmolar | Cadmium |
| Colistin | Datura sp. | Uranium | |
| Sulfadiazine | Taxus celebica | Other agents | Copper |
| Ciprofloxacin | Uno degatta | Gadolinium (in high dose) | Bismuth |
| Cape aloes | Oral NaP solution | ||
| Chemotherapy | (colonoscopy prep) | Solvents | |
| Platins | Adulterants | Hydrocarbons | |
| Ifosfamide | Mefenamic acid | ||
| Mitomycin | Dichromate | Other toxins | |
| Gemcitabine | Cadmium | Silicon | |
| Methotrexate | Phenylbutazone | Germanium | |
| Pentostatin | Melamine | ||
| Interleukin-2 | |||
| Anti-angiogenesis agents | |||
| Analgesics | |||
| NSAIDs | |||
| Selective COX-2 inhibitors | |||
| Phenacetin | |||
| Analgesic combinations | |||
| Immunosuppressives | |||
| Sirolimus | |||
| Calcineurin inhibitors | |||
| Other | |||
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | |||
| Methoxyflurane | |||
| Sucrose, Hydroxyethyl starch, Mannitol | |||
| Pamidronate, Zolendronate | |||
| Topiramate, Zonisamide | |||
| Orlistat | |||
| Statins | |||
| Mesalamine |
↵a NaP, sodium phosphate; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ARBs, angiotensin-receptor blockers; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.