Clinical syndromes associated with MDMAa
CNS |
acute: hyperactivity, lack of appetite, jaw clenching, dry mouth, increased thirst, restlessness, palpitations, impaired balance, difficulty in concentration, dizziness, drowsiness, nystagmus, hot flashes, muscular tension, weakness, insomnia, confusion, anxiety, tremor |
serious acute: panic attacks, delirium, psychosis, depression |
chronic: serotonin depletion, neurotoxicity, chronic psychosis, cognitive defects |
Cardiovascular |
hypertension |
tachycardia |
tachyarrhythmias |
sudden death |
cardiac ischemia |
cardiomyopathy |
Gastrointestinal |
acute hepatotoxicity |
fulminant hepatic failure |
Renal |
AKI |
hyponatremia |
Musculoskeletal |
rhabdomyolysis (may have associated disseminated intravascular coagulation) |
Endocrine |
hypoglycemia |
lower testosterone levels |
Pulmonary |
pneumothorax |
pneumomediastinum |
↵a AKI, acute kidney injury; CNS, central nervous system; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.