Demographic and health characteristics of the overall cohort and by AKI status
| Characteristics | Overall, n=5216 | No AKI, n=3561 (68%) | AKI, n=1655 (32%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), yr | 70 (61–76) | 69 (59–76) | 72 (64–77) |
| Race, no. (%) | |||
| White | 2615 (50) | 1924 (54) | 691 (42) |
| Black | 2308 (44) | 1427 (40) | 881 (53) |
| Other | 293 (6) | 210 (6) | 83 (5) |
| Sex, no. (%), men | 4908 (94) | 3300 (93) | 1608 (97) |
| ADI,a median (IQR) | 52 (40–60) | 52 (40–60) | 52 (39–61) |
| BMI category, no. (%) | |||
| Underweight/normal | 791 (15) | 576 (16) | 215 (13) |
| Overweight | 1746 (34) | 1214 (34) | 532 (32) |
| Obese | 2679 (51) | 1771 (50) | 908 (55) |
| Smoking status, no. (%) | |||
| Never smoked | 2893 (56) | 2019 (57) | 874 (53) |
| Former smoker | 1490 (29) | 944 (27) | 546 (33) |
| Current smoker | 833 (16) | 598 (17) | 235 (14) |
| Hospital characteristics, no. (%) | |||
| ICU | 1693 (33) | 855 (24) | 838 (51) |
| Ventilator | 863 (17) | 278 (8) | 585 (35) |
| Comorbidities, no. (%) | |||
| Cancer | 799 (15) | 529 (15) | 270 (16) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1588 (30) | 1014 (29) | 574 (35) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 726 (14) | 475 (13) | 251 (15) |
| Chronic liver disease | 505 (10) | 352 (10) | 153 (9) |
| Chronic lung disease | 1302 (25) | 865 (24) | 437 (26) |
| Dementia | 657 (13) | 461 (13) | 196 (12) |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 2537 (49) | 1584 (45) | 953 (58) |
| Hypertension | 3985 (76) | 2569 (72) | 1416 (86) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 202 (4) | 131 (4) | 71 (4) |
| Charlson comorbidity score, mean (SD) | 2.4 (2.4) | 2.3 (2.4) | 2.7 (2.4) |
| Laboratory tests and vital signs, median (IQR)b | |||
| Albumin, g/dl, n=5063 | 3.5 (3.1–3.9) | 3.5 (3.1–3.9) | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 73 (57–89) | 77 (62–91) | 64 (48–80) |
| Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dl | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| BP (diastolic), mm Hg, n=5214 | 76 (71–81) | 76 (71–82) | 75 (70–81) |
| BP (systolic), mm Hg, n=5214 | 133 (124–142) | 132 (123–141) | 134 (124–144) |
| BUN, mg/dl, n=5154 | 18 (13–28) | 16 (12–21) | 31 (20–48) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl, n=5070 | 13.3 (11.8–14.5) | 13.4 (12.0–14.5) | 13.1 (11.3–14.5) |
| Lymphocytes, %, n=4805 | 16 (10–24) | 18 (11–25) | 13 (8–20) |
| Platelet count, ×109/L, n=5173 | 194 (151–253) | 197 (153–255) | 188 (146–250) |
| Serum bicarbonate, mEq/L, n=5212 | 24.0 (22.0–26.0) | 25.0 (22.6–27.0) | 23.0 (20.0–25.0) |
| White blood cell count, ×109/L, n=5041 | 6.3 (4.8–8.4) | 6.1 (4.6–8.0) | 6.7 (5.1–9.1) |
| Medications, no. (%) | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 1718 (33) | 1048 (29) | 670 (41) |
| Antibiotics | 86 (2) | 58 (2) | 28 (2) |
| Anticoagulant | 415 (8) | 264 (7) | 151 (9) |
| Antiviral | 68 (1) | 48 (1) | 20 (1) |
| Aspirin | 913 (18) | 589 (17) | 324 (20) |
| β-blockers | 1546 (30) | 955 (27) | 591 (36) |
| Chemotherapy agents | 35 (0.7) | 21 (0.6) | 14 (0.8) |
| Diuretics: loop | 629 (12) | 374 (11) | 255 (15) |
| Diuretics: MRA | 214 (4) | 115 (3) | 99 (6) |
| Diuretics: thiazide/other | 808 (16) | 466 (13) | 342 (21) |
| Immunosuppressants | 27 (0.5) | 12 (0.3) | 15 (0.9) |
| NSAID | 656 (13) | 465 (13) | 191 (12) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 1213 (23) | 832 (23) | 381 (23) |
IQR, interquartile range; ADI, Area Deprivation Index; BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
↵a ADI is a measure of socioeconomic disadvantage, with a range from low to high disadvantage of zero to 100.
↵b Laboratory values are reported for those who had a measure. N with the measure is reported.