Baseline characteristics of patients with any form of the cardiorenal syndrome and the control groups
| Characteristic | Any Cardiorenal | Control 1 (Stable HF) | Control 2 (Stable CKD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2512 | 3072 | 2239 |
| Age, yr | 68±14a,b | 62±15 | 71±13 |
| Men | 1332 (53%)a,b | 1746 (57%) | 1037 (46%) |
| Black | 344 (14%)a,b | 326 (11%) | 217 (10%) |
| Hypertension | 1474 (59%)b | 1753 (57%) | 1468 (66%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 840 (33%)a,b | 761 (25%) | 516 (23%) |
| CAD | 1504 (60%)b | 1763 (57%) | 1064 (48%) |
| ACEI or ARB | 1187/2310 (51%)a,b | 1299/2889 (45%) | 857/2050 (42%) |
| β-Blocker | 1494/2310 (65%)a,b | 1963/2889 (68%) | 1109/2050 (54%) |
| Statin | 1210/2310 (52%)b | 1431/2889 (50%) | 944/2050 (46%) |
| Loop diuretics | 1240/2310 (54%)b | 1546/2889 (54%) | 387/2050 (19%) |
| Spironolactone | 203/2310 (9%)a,b | 157/2889 (5%) | 36/2050 (2%) |
| Aspirin | 1332/2310 (58%)b | 1691/2889 (59%) | 929/2050 (45%) |
| Warfarin | 506/2310 (22%)b | 612/2889 (21%) | 251/2050 (12%) |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.26 (1.00–1.62)a,b | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 1.30 (1.11–1.56) |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 54±24a,b | 85±16 | 46±12 |
| UACR, mg/g | 105 (25–545) (n=225)a,b | 22 (10–83) (n=152) | 31 (12–180) (n=215) |
| Hb, g/dl | 11.8±2.1 (n=1365)a,b | 12.4±2.2 (n=2098) | 12.1±2.0 (n=1232) |
| Albumin, g/dl | 3.8±0.6 (n=2034)b | 3.8±0.6 (n=2498) | 3.9±0.6 (n=1648) |
| HbA1c, % | 6.7 (5.8–7.8) (n=124) | 6.1 (5.7–7.4) (n=120) | 6.2 (5.7–7.1) (n=85) |
| BNP, pg/ml | 385 (157–791) (n=805)a,b | 244 (83–547) (n=864) | 134 (58–290) (n=199) |
| Preserved EF | 1254/2310 (54%)b | 1515/2855 (53%) | 1781/2113 (84%) |
| LVEF, % | 55 (35–60) (n=2310)b | 55 (35–60) (n=2855) | 60 (55–60) (n=2113) |
| LVd, cm | 5.0±1.0 (n=2108)b | 5.0±1.0 (n=2597) | 4.4±0.7 (n=1759) |
| LVMi, g/m2 | 110 (90–136) (n=601)a,b | 102 (80–129) (n=927) | 91 (75–110) (n=473) |
| LAd, cm | 4.3±0.9 (n=2054)a,b | 4.1±0.8 (n=2509) | 3.9±0.7 (n=1720) |
| PAP, mm Hg | 29 (23–39) (n=1621)a,b | 26 (20–34) (n=1948) | 25 (20–31) (n=1380) |
| RAP>6 cm H2O | 133/692 (19%)b | 184/1190 (16%) | 39/702 (6%) |
| Preserved RV function | 1650/2003 (82%)b | 2149/2539 (85%) | 1702/1757 (97%) |
| Dilated RV | 408/2092 (20%)a,b | 410/2665 (15%) | 135/1799 (8%) |
| RV hypertrophy | 75/976 (8%)a,b | 63/1361 (5%) | 25/1005 (3%) |
| RWMA | 207/1083 (19%)b | 303/1441 (21%) | 100/1334 (8%) |
The Bonferroni correction for post hoc tests was applied. HF, heart failure; N, number of patients in each group; CAD, coronary artery disease; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; n, number of patients with available data; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; EF, ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVd, left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVMi, left ventricular mass index (corrected for body surface area); LAd, left atrium diameter; PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure; RV, right ventricular; RWMA, regional wall motion abnormalities.
↵a P<0.05 versus control group 1.
↵b P<0.05 versus control group 2.