Table 1.

General characteristics of dendritic cells and macrophages

Renal DC Subsets	Precursor Chemokine Receptors	General Functions	Key Markers Mouse	Key Markers Human	References
Myeloid/CD11b⁺- like DCs	Common MDPs in the BM; CCR7, CCR2	Tissue surveillance; immune tolerance Ag transport to LNs, activation of T helper cells; recruitment of other immune cells to the kidney in GN and PN	CD11c^high	CD11c^high	9,11
			F4/80⁺	F4/80⁺
			CX3CR1⁺	BDCA-1⁺
			CD11b⁺
Crosspresenting DCs/CD8α⁺-like DCs	CDP	In renal LNs, CTL crosstolerance; very sparse in the kidney in lymph node T-cell activation; role within the kidney is unclear	CD11c^high	CD11c^high	41,114
	XCR1⁺		CD11b^–	BDCA-3⁺
			CLEC9A⁺	CD14^–
			XCR1⁺	CD1a⁺
			CD103⁺	CD1a⁺
Plasma-cytoid DC	CDP	Possibly viral clearance through type I IFN; potential role in lupus nephritis	CD11c^int CD11b^– CD8α^– B220⁺ Gr1⁺	BDCA-2⁺	115
Plasma-cytoid DC	CDP		CD11c^int CD11b^– CD8α^– B220⁺ Gr1⁺	CD11c^–	115
Monocyte-derived/inflammatory DC	Monocyte-derived	Innate defenses against Tip-DCs proinflammatory cytokine production	CD11c⁺ CD11b⁺	DC-SIGN/CD209a⁺ requires additional study	9,10
			F4/80⁺
			Ly6C⁺
Inflammatory macrophages/Ly6C⁺ macrophages	CCR2⁺ MDP	Displays high phagocytic activity; cytokine release	F4/80⁺	CD14^high	10
			Ly6C⁺	CD16⁻
			CD11c⁻
Ly6C^– macrophages	CX3CR1⁺	Sentinel function; initiation of inflammatory response	F4/80⁺	CD14⁺	22,24
	MDP	Maintenance of tissue homeostasis; clearance of cell debris	Ly6C^–	CD16⁺
	Yolk sac derived		CD11c^–

DC, dendritic cell; MDP, monocyte–DC precursor; BM, bone marrow; Ag, antigen; LN, lymph node; PN, pyelonephritis; CDP, common–DC precursor; CTL, cytotoxic lymphocytes.