Baseline characteristics of HIV-infected women in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study stratified by urine α1-microglobulin category
| Characteristic | 1 (n=358) | 2 (n=272) | 3 (n=273) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range of α1m/cr (mg/g) | Below detectable | 1.2–10.2 | >10.2 | |
| Baseline age (yr) | 40 (35–44) | 40 (36–45) | 43 (38–48) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||
| African American | 180 (50%) | 151 (56%) | 188 (69%) | <0.001 |
| Caucasian | 92 (26%) | 46 (17%) | 37 (14%) | |
| Other | 86 (24%) | 75 (28%) | 48 (18%) | |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| Current | 149 (42%) | 144 (53%) | 167 (61%) | <0.001 |
| Past | 100 (28%) | 72 (26%) | 52 (19%) | |
| Never | 109 (30%) | 56 (21%) | 54 (20%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 25 (7%) | 23 (8%) | 38 (14%) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 72 (20%) | 68 (25%) | 85 (31%) | <0.01 |
| Antihypertensive use | 28 (8%) | 28 (10%) | 41 (15%) | 0.02 |
| Menopause | 55 (16%) | 45 (17%) | 82 (31%) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis C | 87 (25%) | 77 (28%) | 114 (42%) | <0.001 |
| Current heroin use | 11 (3%) | 12 (4%) | 20 (7%) | 0.04 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 107 (85–133) | 106 (80–136) | 95 (71–125) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 44 (35–55) | 45 (37–57) | 42 (33–57) | 0.16 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 135 (88–206) | 117 (89–179) | 142 (101–197) | 0.004 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26 (24–31) | 27 (24–31) | 25 (23–31) | 0.02 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88 (81–98) | 89 (80–100) | 87 (78–98) | 0.17 |
| Current CD4 (cells/mm3) | 448 (282–647) | 386 (234–534) | 363 (195–548) | <0.001 |
| Nadir CD4 (cells/mm3) | 235 (131–348) | 214 (114–313) | 186 (85–294) | 0.001 |
| History of AIDS | 148 (41%) | 135 (50%) | 158 (58%) | <0.001 |
| HIV viral load (copies/ml) | ||||
| ≤80 | 126 (35%) | 77 (29%) | 71 (26%) | <0.01 |
| 81–1999 | 90 (25%) | 60 (22%) | 53 (19%) | |
| 2000–9999 | 55 (15%) | 48 (18%) | 44 (16%) | |
| >10,000 | 84 (24%) | 85 (31%) | 104 (38%) | |
| Current HAART use | 221 (62%) | 153 (56%) | 155 (57%) | 0.30 |
| Current NRTI use | 254 (71%) | 176 (65%) | 172 (63%) | 0.08 |
| Current NNRTI use | 97 (27%) | 68 (25%) | 79 (29%) | 0.58 |
| Current protease inhibitor use | 158 (44%) | 109 (40%) | 110 (40%) | 0.50 |
| Albuminuriaa | 57 (16%) | 46 (17%) | 109 (40%) | <0.001 |
| eGFRCys (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 97 (83–110) | 91 (80–105) | 76 (62–89) | <0.001 |
| eGFRCys<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 15 (4%) | 10 (4%) | 59 (22%) | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin (g/dl) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges) or numbers (percentages). α1-Microglobulin is standardized to urine creatinine. Category 1 comprises all participants with undetectable urine α1-microglobulin. α1m/cr, α1-Microglobulin–to-creatinine ratio; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor; eGFRCys, eGFR by cystatin C.
↵a Defined as a positive urine dipstick result (≥1+) or urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g.