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Original ArticlesNephrolithiasis
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Stone Composition as a Function of Age and Sex

John C. Lieske, Andrew D. Rule, Amy E. Krambeck, James C. Williams, Eric J. Bergstralh, Ramila A. Mehta and Thomas P. Moyer
CJASN December 2014, 9 (12) 2141-2146; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05660614
John C. Lieske
*Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine,
†Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
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Andrew D. Rule
*Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine,
‡Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research,
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Amy E. Krambeck
§Department of Urology, and
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James C. Williams
‖Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Eric J. Bergstralh
¶Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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Ramila A. Mehta
¶Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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Thomas P. Moyer
†Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
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    Figure 1.

    Association of sex with stone type.

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    Figure 2.

    Association of age with stone type.

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    Figure 3.

    Combined association of age and sex with stone type. (A) Men and (B) women are depicted separately.

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    Figure 4.

    Association of calendar month with stone numbers submitted. Submissions by month are depicted for four major stone types: (A) calcium oxalate, (B) uric acid, (C) struvite, and (D) apatite. *P<0.001 for evidence of seasonality for a given stone type using a chi-squared test with 11 degrees of freedom.

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    Table 1.

    Distribution of stone type analyzed during calendar year 2010 (n=43,545)

    Stone TypeNumberPercent
    Calcium oxalate29,31967.3
    Apatite700016.1
    Uric acid36118.3
    Struvite13183.0
    Brushite3740.9
    Cystine1510.35
    Ammonium urate1050.20
    Artifact13933.2
    Other1710.4
    Drug600.1
    Sodium/potassium urate420.1
    Dihydroxyadenine10.002
    • Only the first stone submitted per individual was included.

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    Table 2.

    Stones submitted for analysis by age and sex

    Age (yr)MenPercentWomenPercentRatio of Men to Women Stone Formers
    0–9730.3600.31.22 (1.05)a
    10–193961.66753.70.59b (1.04)a
    20–2915886.3254813.90.62b (1.03)a
    30–39322912.8333118.10.97 (0.99)a
    40–49488419.4336918.41.45b (0.97)a
    50–59616024.5372420.31.65b (0.95)a
    60–69530021.0276515.11.92b (0.89)a
    70–79265310.512676.92.09b (0.78)a
    80–898463.45523.01.53b (0.63)a
    90+620.2630.30.98b (0.63)a
    Total25,191100.018,354100.01.37b (0.97)a
    • ↵a Values represent the men-to-women ratio for each age group in the 2010 United States census (age 80 and above combined).

    • ↵b P<0.05 for comparison of the sex ratio of stones submitted versus the sex ratio in the 2010 United States census.

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Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: 9 (12)
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Vol. 9, Issue 12
December 05, 2014
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Stone Composition as a Function of Age and Sex
John C. Lieske, Andrew D. Rule, Amy E. Krambeck, James C. Williams, Eric J. Bergstralh, Ramila A. Mehta, Thomas P. Moyer
CJASN Dec 2014, 9 (12) 2141-2146; DOI: 10.2215/CJN.05660614

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Stone Composition as a Function of Age and Sex
John C. Lieske, Andrew D. Rule, Amy E. Krambeck, James C. Williams, Eric J. Bergstralh, Ramila A. Mehta, Thomas P. Moyer
CJASN Dec 2014, 9 (12) 2141-2146; DOI: 10.2215/CJN.05660614
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Keywords

  • calcium oxalate
  • calcium phosphate
  • infrared spectroscopy
  • Struvite
  • uric acid

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