Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Podcasts
    • Subject Collections
    • Archives
    • ASN Meeting Abstracts
    • Saved Searches
  • Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Author Resources
    • Reprint Information
  • Trainees
    • Peer Review Program
    • Prize Competition
  • About CJASN
    • About CJASN
    • Editorial Team
    • CJASN Impact
    • CJASN Recognitions
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Advertising
    • Reprint Information
    • Subscriptions
    • Feedback
  • ASN Kidney News
  • Other
    • JASN
    • Kidney360
    • Kidney News Online
    • American Society of Nephrology

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
American Society of Nephrology
  • Other
    • JASN
    • Kidney360
    • Kidney News Online
    • American Society of Nephrology
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Advertisement
American Society of Nephrology

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Podcasts
    • Subject Collections
    • Archives
    • ASN Meeting Abstracts
    • Saved Searches
  • Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Author Resources
    • Reprint Information
  • Trainees
    • Peer Review Program
    • Prize Competition
  • About CJASN
    • About CJASN
    • Editorial Team
    • CJASN Impact
    • CJASN Recognitions
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Advertising
    • Reprint Information
    • Subscriptions
    • Feedback
  • ASN Kidney News
  • Visit ASN on Facebook
  • Follow CJASN on Twitter
  • CJASN RSS
  • Community Forum
Original ArticlesNephrolithiasis
You have accessRestricted Access

Stone Composition as a Function of Age and Sex

John C. Lieske, Andrew D. Rule, Amy E. Krambeck, James C. Williams, Eric J. Bergstralh, Ramila A. Mehta and Thomas P. Moyer
CJASN December 2014, 9 (12) 2141-2146; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05660614
John C. Lieske
*Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine,
†Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Andrew D. Rule
*Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine,
‡Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research,
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Amy E. Krambeck
§Department of Urology, and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
James C. Williams
‖Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Eric J. Bergstralh
¶Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ramila A. Mehta
¶Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Thomas P. Moyer
†Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data Supps
  • Info & Metrics
  • View PDF
Loading

Abstract

Background and objectives Kidney stones are heterogeneous but often grouped together. The potential effects of patient demographics and calendar month (season) on stone composition are not widely appreciated.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements The first stone submitted by patients for analysis to the Mayo Clinic Metals Laboratory during 2010 was studied (n=43,545). Stones were classified in the following order: any struvite, any cystine, any uric acid, any brushite, majority (≥50%) calcium oxalate, or majority (≥50%) hydroxyapatite.

Results Calcium oxalate (67%) was the most common followed by hydroxyapatite (16%), uric acid (8%), struvite (3%), brushite (0.9%), and cystine (0.35%). Men accounted for more stone submissions (58%) than women. However, women submitted more stones than men between the ages of 10–19 (63%) and 20–29 (62%) years. Women submitted the majority of hydroxyapatite (65%) and struvite (65%) stones, whereas men submitted the majority of calcium oxalate (64%) and uric acid (72%) stones (P<0.001). Although calcium oxalate stones were the most common type of stone overall, hydroxyapatite stones were the second most common before age 55 years, whereas uric acid stones were the second most common after age 55 years. More calcium oxalate and uric acid stones were submitted in the summer months (July and August; P<0.001), whereas the season did not influence other stone types.

Conclusions It is well known that calcium oxalate stones are the most common stone type. However, age and sex have a marked influence on the type of stone formed. The higher number of stones submitted by women compared with men between the ages of 10 and 29 years old and the change in composition among the elderly favoring uric acid have not been widely appreciated. These data also suggest increases in stone risk during the summer, although this is restricted to calcium oxalate and uric acid stones.

  • calcium oxalate
  • calcium phosphate
  • infrared spectroscopy
  • struvite
  • uric acid
  • Received June 6, 2014.
  • Accepted September 2, 2014.
  • Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Nephrology
View Full Text
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: 9 (12)
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Vol. 9, Issue 12
December 05, 2014
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
View Selected Citations (0)
Print
Download PDF
Sign up for Alerts
Email Article
Thank you for your help in sharing the high-quality science in CJASN.
Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Stone Composition as a Function of Age and Sex
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Society of Nephrology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Society of Nephrology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Stone Composition as a Function of Age and Sex
John C. Lieske, Andrew D. Rule, Amy E. Krambeck, James C. Williams, Eric J. Bergstralh, Ramila A. Mehta, Thomas P. Moyer
CJASN Dec 2014, 9 (12) 2141-2146; DOI: 10.2215/CJN.05660614

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Request Permissions
Share
Stone Composition as a Function of Age and Sex
John C. Lieske, Andrew D. Rule, Amy E. Krambeck, James C. Williams, Eric J. Bergstralh, Ramila A. Mehta, Thomas P. Moyer
CJASN Dec 2014, 9 (12) 2141-2146; DOI: 10.2215/CJN.05660614
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Disclosures
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data Supps
  • Info & Metrics
  • View PDF

More in this TOC Section

Original Articles

  • Trends in Discard of Kidneys from Hepatitis C Viremic Donors in the United States
  • Availability, Accessibility, and Quality of Conservative Kidney Management Worldwide
  • Zolpidem Versus Trazodone Initiation and the Risk of Fall-Related Fractures among Individuals Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis
Show more Original Articles

Nephrolithiasis

  • Racial Differences in Risk Factors for Kidney Stone Formation
  • Urinary Lithogenic Risk Profile in ADPKD Patients Treated with Tolvaptan
  • Twenty-Four Hour Urine Testing and Prescriptions for Urinary Stone Disease–Related Medications in Veterans
Show more Nephrolithiasis

Cited By...

  • Microbial contributions to oxalate metabolism in health and disease
  • Perturbations of the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Children with Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease
  • A conserved role of the insulin-like signaling pathway in uric acid pathologies revealed in Drosophila melanogaster
  • Oral Antibiotic Exposure and Kidney Stone Disease
  • Metabolic and Hypertensive Complications of Pregnancy in Women with Nephrolithiasis
  • Urinary Stone Disease: Advancing Knowledge, Patient Care, and Population Health
  • Google Scholar

Similar Articles

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Keywords

  • calcium oxalate
  • calcium phosphate
  • infrared spectroscopy
  • Struvite
  • uric acid

Articles

  • Current Issue
  • Early Access
  • Subject Collections
  • Article Archive
  • ASN Meeting Abstracts

Information for Authors

  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Trainee of the Year
  • Author Resources
  • ASN Journal Policies
  • Reuse/Reprint Policy

About

  • CJASN
  • ASN
  • ASN Journals
  • ASN Kidney News

Journal Information

  • About CJASN
  • CJASN Email Alerts
  • CJASN Key Impact Information
  • CJASN Podcasts
  • CJASN RSS Feeds
  • Editorial Board

More Information

  • Advertise
  • ASN Podcasts
  • ASN Publications
  • Become an ASN Member
  • Feedback
  • Follow on Twitter
  • Password/Email Address Changes
  • Subscribe

© 2021 American Society of Nephrology

Print ISSN - 1555-9041 Online ISSN - 1555-905X

Powered by HighWire