Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Cascade of the selection process for study patients. F+V, fruits and vegetables. “Not treated” patients were not considered in the reported analysis.
- Figure 2.
Box plots of plasma total CO2 (TCO2) (left) and 8-hour urine net acid excretion (8h NAE) (right) in patients with CKD stage 4 at baseline and 1-year follow-up. HCO3 recipients were given oral NaHCO3 at 1.0 mEq/kg lean body weight per day; the fruit and vegetable recipients were given fruits and vegetables in amounts designed to reduce potential renal acid load by half. The bottom and top of the boxes span the 25th and 75th percentile of data points. The dark bar within the box indicates the 50th percentile or median. The whiskers indicate 1.5 times the interquartile range from the lower and upper quartiles. F+V, fruits and vegetables; F/U, follow-up. *P<0.05 versus respective baseline; +P<0.05 versus respective HCO3 group.
- Figure 3.
Box plots of 8-hour urine excretion of cystatin C (8h Cys Ex) (left) and of creatinine (8h Cr Ex) (right) at baseline and 1-year follow-up. The bottom and top of the boxes span the 25th and 75th percentile of data points. The dark bar within the box indicates the 50th percentile or median. The whiskers indicate 1.5 times the interquartile range from the lower and upper quartiles. F+V, fruits and vegetables; F/U, follow-up. *P<0.05 versus respective baseline.
- Figure 4.
Box plots of plasma cystatin C–estimated GFR (cysGFR) (left) and of plasma creatinine–estimated GFR (crGFR) (right) at baseline and 1-year follow-up. The bottom and top of the boxes span the 25th and 75th percentile of data points. The dark bar within the box indicates the 50th percentile or median. The whiskers indicate 1.5 times the interquartile range from the lower and upper quartiles. F+V, fruits and vegetables; F/U, follow-up. *P<0.05 versus respective baseline.
- Figure 5.
Box plots of the 8-hour urine excretion of indices of kidney injury. Urine albumin (8h urine albumin) is in the left panel, urine N-acetyl β-d-glucosaminidase (8h UNAG) is in the middle panel, and urine TGF-β (8h UTGF) is in the right panel. The bottom and top of the boxes span the 25th and 75th percentile of data points. The dark bar within the box indicates the 50th percentile or median. The whiskers indicate 1.5 times the interquartile range from the lower and upper quartiles. F+V, fruits and vegetables; F/U, follow-up. *P<0.05 versus baseline; +P<0.05 versus HCO3.
- Figure 6.
Box plots of 8-hour urine aldosterone excretion (8h aldo) (left) and ratio of active (tetrahydrocortisol [THF]) to inactive (tetrahydrocortisone [THE]) urine cortisol metabolites (right) in CKD stage 4 at baseline and 1 year. The THF/THE ratio indirectly assesses 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme activity that converts glucocorticoids to inactive metabolites. Higher ratios indicate lower activity. The bottom and top of the boxes span the 25th and 75th percentile of data points. The dark bar within the box indicates the 50th percentile or median. The whiskers indicate 1.5 times the interquartile range from the lower and upper quartiles. F+V, fruits and vegetables; F/U, follow-up. *P<0.05 versus respective baseline; +P<0.05 versus HCO3.
Tables
Characteristic Baseline 1 Year HCO3 Group P Value: 1 Year versus Baseline Fruits and Vegetables Group P Value: 1 Year versus Baseline HCO3 Group (n=35) Fruits and Vegetables Group (n=36) P Value for Fruits and Vegetables Group versus HCO3 Group HCO3 Group (n=35) Fruits and Vegetables Group (n=36) P Value for Fruits and Vegetables Group versus HCO3 Group Men (%) 51 56 0.92 — — — — — Black/white/Hispanic (%) 57/29/14 56/31/14 >0.99 — — — — — Age (yr) 54.2±5.3 53.9±6.9 0.86 — — — — — Weight (kg) 84.3±5.4 82.7±6.1 0.24 84.4±5.0 78.0±5.3 <0.01 0.87 <0.01 Systolic BP (mmHg) 136.1±4.7 136.3±4.8 0.88 136.0±4.4 131.7±3.3 <0.01 0.84 <0.01 Plasma creatinine (mg/dl) 3.9±0.3 3.9±0.9 0.99 4.2±0.3 4.1±1.0 0.49 <0.01 <0.01 Plasma cystatin C (mg/L) 4.1±0.3 4.1±0.9 0.99 4.4±0.3 4.3±1.0 0.60 <0.01 <0.01 Potential renal acid load (mmol/d) 59.0±6.5 62.1±6.8 0.05 59.3±6.3 39.6±10.4 <0.01 0.28 <0.01 Plasma [K+] (mEq/L) 4.1±0.2 4.1±0.2 0.84 4.1±0.2 4.1±0.1 0.25 <0.05 0.59 8h U KV (mEq) 18.9±3.5 20.0±3.7 0.18 19.8±3.4 23.3±4.1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 FEK (%) 45.8±13.1 49.3±13.9 0.28 51.9±14.0 60.0±17.5 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 Plasma [Na+] (mEq/L) 139.9±1.2 139.8±1.3 0.59 140.0±1.2 139.8±1.0 0.28 0.69 0.88 8h U NaV (mEq) 38.3±6.7 40.0±6.4 0.29 43.1±8.5 35.9±6.0 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 FENa (%) 2.7±0.8 2.9±0.7 0.40 3.3±0.9 2.7±0.7 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Plasma aldosterone (pg/ml) 117.4±12.9 113.7±12.1 0.22 101.6±9.8 119.9±12.6 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Unless otherwise noted, values are expressed as the mean ± SD. Patients in the HCO3 group were subsequently given oral NaHCO3, 1.0 mEq/kg body weight per day. Patients in the fruits and vegetables group were given fruits and vegetables in amounts designed to reduce potential renal acid load by 50%. Presented are P values for comparisons between the HCO3 and fruits and vegetables groups at baseline and at 1 year and the 1-year compared with baseline values within the HCO3 and fruits and vegetables groups. 8h U KV, 8-hour urine K+ excretion; FEK, urine fractional excretion of K+; 8h U NaV, 8-hour urine Na+ excretion; FENa, urine fractional excretion of Na+
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Original Articles
Chronic Kidney Disease
Cited By...
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- Mechanisms of Metabolic Acidosis-Induced Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation and Urinary TGF-{beta}1 in Nonacidotic Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
- Potassium Homeostasis, Chronic Kidney Disease, and the Plant-Enriched Diets
- A Randomized Trial Comparing the Safety, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics Profiles of Two Doses of Sodium Bicarbonate in CKD: the BASE Pilot Trial
- Direct Evidence for Glucose Consumption Acceleration by Carbonates in Cultured Cells
- Effects of Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis in CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Anti-aging food that improves markers of health in senior dogs by modulating gut microbiota and metabolite profiles
- Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality in Adults undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis
- Plant-Based Diets in CKD
- The Role of Bicarbonate in Cognition: Acidosis May Be Corrosive to the Brain
- Association between Urine Ammonium and Urine TGF-{beta}1 in CKD
- Re-Evaluation of the Normal Range of Serum Total CO2 Concentration
- Metabolic Acidosis and Subclinical Metabolic Acidosis in CKD
- Randomized, Controlled Trial of TRC101 to Increase Serum Bicarbonate in Patients with CKD
- Metabolic Acidosis and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients
- Healthy Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality and ESRD in CKD: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
- Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy
- Dietary Protein as Kidney Protection: Quality or Quantity?
- High Dietary Acid Load Predicts ESRD among Adults with CKD
- Persistent High Serum Bicarbonate and the Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A Report From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
- Current Status of Bicarbonate in CKD
- Dietary Fiber, Kidney Function, Inflammation, and Mortality Risk
- The Association between a Mediterranean-Style Diet and Kidney Function in the Northern Manhattan Study Cohort
- Dietary Acid, Age, and Serum Bicarbonate Levels among Adults in the United States
- Mediterranean Diet, Kidney Function, and Mortality in Men with CKD
- The Role of Bicarbonate in CKD: Evidence Bulks Up
- Treatment of Acidosis in CKD