Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
The Cox's model with delayed entry (date of first creatinine measurement): the example of seven hypothetical subjects.
Tables
MDRD Patients without CKD Patients with CKD All Patients n = 7029 % n = 349 % n = 7378 % Male 4948 70.4 241 69.1 5189 70.3 ART-naïvea 770 11.0 26 7.4 786 10.7 Previous AIDSb 1602 22.8 102 29.2 1704 23.1 Previous acute kidney injuryb 1277 18.2 83 23.8 1360 18.4 Hepatitis B coinfection 512 7.3 34 9.7 546 7.4 Hepatitis C coinfection 1505 21.4 77 22.1 1582 21.4 Hypertension 1018 14.5 166 47.6 1184 16.0 Diabetes 265 3.8 33 9.5 298 4.0 Median (IQR) Age at HIV diagnosis (years) 31 (25.5 to 38.6)c 39 (30.1 to 50.1)d 31.2 (25.6 to 39.1) CD4 nadir 368 (238 to 532)e 288 (156 to 479) 365 (234 to 529) Baseline body mass index 22.3 (20.3 to 24.5)b 22.9 (20.7 to 25.6)e 22.3 (20.3 to 24.6) Delay from HIV diagnosis to initiation of ART (years) 2.3 (0.2 to 6.6)c 2 (0.25.7)d 2.2 (0.2 to 6.6) MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; IQR, interquartile range; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ART, antiretroviral therapy.
↵a At time of CKD or last clinic visit, whichever occurred first.
↵b Information missing in 32 patients.
↵c Information missing in 48 patients.
↵e Information missing in four patients.
↵d Information missing in two patients.
e Information missing for one patient.
Calendar years AZT 3TC ABC DDI DDC D4T TDF FTC NVP EFV FAPV SQV IDV NFV LPV ATV ≤1994 101 0 0 34 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1995 to 1996 455 292 0 207 268 184 0 0 1 1 0 93 153 1 0 0 1997 to 1998 621 686 34 349 225 559 0 0 150 49 1 246 378 228 1 0 1999 to 2000 762 1056 292 522 105 798 1 3 402 359 32 218 374 379 74 2 2001 to 2002 2050 2936 1211 1218 116 1273 474 29 896 844 159 327 532 462 694 10 2003 to 2004 2731 4081 1676 1230 89 900 1390 179 1114 1021 439 364 488 409 1347 530 2005 to 2006 2768 4481 2128 1030 36 435 2126 1366 1105 1057 878 358 233 240 1453 1314 Overall 4199 5598 2774 2192 461 1920 2508 1375 1865 1790 1135 845 1141 883 2041 1373 3TC, —; ABC, —; DDI, —; DDC, —; D4T, —; TDF, —; FTC, —; NVP, —; EFV, —; FAPV, —; SQV, —; IDV, indinavir; NFV, —; LPV, —; ATV, eGFR, estimated GFR; AZT, aziothymidine.
Years Number of patients Person-years since First eGFR Number with CKD Rate/1,000 Person-years (95% CI) HIV Diagnosis Initiation of ART First GFR Estimation ≤1994 3532 1062 254 510.8 2 3.9 (0 to 9.3) 1995 to 1996 710 1260 450 870.2 14 16.1 (7.7 to 24.5) 1997 to 1998 624 1312 365 1787.7 27 15.1 (9.4 to 20.8) 1999 to 2000 589 793 583 2610.4 11 4.2 (1.7 to 6.7) 2001 to 2002 638 745 2728 5849.1 64 10.9 (8.3 to 13.6) 2003 to 2004 716 77 1614 10086.6 122 12.1 (9.9 to 14.2) 2005 to 2006 543 643 1384 10605.1 109 10.3 (8.3 to 12.2) CI, confidence interval.
Variable Unadjusted Adjusteda HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P Occurrence of acute kidney injury 2.73 (2.09 to 3.58) <0.01 2.40 (1.80 to 3.20) <0.01 Time with CD4 >200 cells/mm3a 0.48 (0.38 to 0.61) <0.01 0.63 (0.48 to 0.81) 0.03 Time with VL <500 copies/mla 1.02 (0.82 to 1.27) 0.85 0.88 (0.69 to 1.11) 0.27 Occurrence of an AIDS-defining event 1.73 (1.369 to 2.19) <0.01 1.19 (0.93 to 1.54) 0.17 Hepatitis B 1.34 (0.94 to 1.91) 0.11 1.13 (0.78 to 1.63) 0.53 Hepatitis C 0.90 (0.69 to 1.17) 0.42 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) 0.65 Hypertension 4.36 (3.52 to 5.39) <0.01 2.39 (1.88 to 3.04) <0.01 Diabetes 2.52 (1.75 to 3.62) <0.01 1.23 (0.84 to 1.80) 0.30 Past exposure AZT 1.12 (0.85 to 1.47) 0.43 0.88 (0.62 to 1.26) 0.48 3TC 1.67 (1.14 to 2.45) 0.09 0.89 (0.52 to 1.51) 0.89 ABC 1.25 (0.88 to 1.77) 0.22 0.92 (0.62 to 1.36) 0.67 DDI 1.09 (0.86 to 1.39) 0.48 0.84 (0.63 to 1.23) 0.25 DDC 1.01 (0.77 to 1.32) 0.95 0.93 (0.69 to 1.26) 0.64 D4T 1.15 (0.90 to 1.48) 0.27 0.93 (0.67 to 1.29) 0.67 TDF 2.61 (1.69 to 4.04) <0.01 2.23 (1.37 to 3.63) 0.01 FTC 1.41 (0.20 to 10.13) 0.73 1.03 (0.14 to 7.66) 0.98 SQV 0.98 (0.70 to 1.37) 0.88 0.74 (0.51 to 1.08) 0.12 IDV 1.38 (1.08 to 1.77) 0.01 1.28 (0.97 to 1.70) 0.08 NFV 0.85 (0.63 to 1.15) 0.30 0.78 (0.56 to 1.09) 0.15 LPV 1.40 (0.92 to 2.12) 0.11 1.04 (0.66 to 1.64) 0.88 ATV 2.06 (0.75 to 5.63) 0.16 1.24 (0.43 to 3.55) 0.69 FAPV 1.38 (0.75 to 2.55) 0.30 0.93 (0.47 to 1.84) 0.83 NVP 0.83 (0.60 to 1.16) 0.27 0.75 (0.52 to 1.09) 0.13 EFV 1.13 (0.83 to 1.53) 0.44 1.00 (0.72 to 1.40) 0.99 Recent exposure AZT 0.78 (0.59 to 1.04) 0.10 0.62 (0.42 to 0.91) 0.02 3TC 1.77(1.27 to 2.45) 0.01 1.24 (0.76 to 2.04) 0.39 ABC 1.40 (1.08 to 1.81) 0.12 1.37 (1.03 to 1.82) 0.03 DDI 0.77 (0.55 to 1.07) 0.12 0.75 (0.52 to 1.08) 0.13 DDC 0.33 (0.12 to 0.91) 0.03 0.40 (0.14 to 1.14) 0.09 D4T 1.56 (1.15 to 2.11) 0.04 1.17 (0.81 to 1.70) 0.4 TDF 1.67 (1.24 to 2.31) 0.01 1.55 (1.09 to 2.20) 0.02 FTC 1.06 (0.56 to 2.00) 0.85 0.94 (0.47 to 1.89) 0.87 SQV 1.04 (0.66 to 1.63) 0.88 0.94 (0.59 to 1.51) 0.8 IDV 2.32 (1.68 to 3.21) <0.01 2.03 (1.42 to 2.90) <0.01 NFV 0.94 (0.58 to 1.53) 0.80 0.96 (0.58 to 1.59) 0.87 LPV 1.36 (0.99 to 1.85) 0.05 1.30 (0.92 to 1.85) 0.14 ATV 1.77 (1.18 to 2.65) 0.06 1.47 (0.94 to 2.30) 0.09 FAPV 0.75 (0.42 to 1.35) 0.34 0.72 (0.39 to 1.32) 0.29 NVP 0.96 (0.69 to 1.33) 0.80 1.08 (0.76 to 1.54) 0.68 EFV 0.97 (0.70 to 1.35) 0.85 1.02 (0.71 to 1.46) 0.92 ↵a Values after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, time since HIV diagnosis, cumulative exposure to any ART, and number of ART drugs received. 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; DDI, didanosine; DDC, zalcitabine; D4T, stavudine; TDF, tenofovir; FTC, emtricitabine; NVP, névirapine; EFV, efavirenz; FAPV, fosAmprenavir; SQV, saquinavir; IDV, indinavir; NFV, nelfinavir; LPV, lopinavit; ATV, atazanavir. Bold values indicated statistically significant difference.
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