Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Frequency of reaching stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) by patient groups.
- Figure 2.
(A) Survival to stage 4 CKD in no AKI versus AKI groups. (B) Survival to stage 4 CKD in no AKI versus multiple AKI episode group. CKD, chronic kidney disease; AKI, acute kidney injury.
- Figure 3.
Survival to stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) in AKI versus no AKI groups, by strata of baseline level of estimated GFR. CKD, chronic kidney disease; AKI, acute kidney injury.
- Figure 4.
Frequency of all-cause mortality by patient groups.
Tables
Patient Characteristics All Study Participants (n = 3679, 100%) Reached Stage 4 CKD (n = 530, 13.6%) No Stage 4 CKD (n = 3176, 86.4%) P Gender 0.41 male 97.7% 97.2% 97.8% female 2.3% 2.8% 2.2% Age, yearsa 61.7 (11.2) 65 (10.9) 61.2 (11.1) <0.01 Race 0.02 black 18.8% 22.6% 18.1% other 81.2% 77.3% 81.9% Baseline GFRa 81.1 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (25.9) 61 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (23) 84.3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (25) <0.01 Baseline creatininea 1.10 mg/dl (0.3) 1.44 mg/dl (0.42) 1.05 mg/dl (0.26) <0.01 Obesity 35% 17% 37.9% <0.01 Peripheral vascular disease 22.5% 23.2% 22.3% 0.64 Ischemic heart disease 41.9% 36.6% 42.8% 0.08 Congestive heart failure 17.4% 14.7% 17.8% 0.09 Hypertension 64% 41.7% 67.5% <0.01 Valvular heart disease 5.1% 6.2% 4.9% 0.27 Chronic viral infections 6% 4.6% 6.2% 0.16 Proteinuria 62% 76% 59.8% <0.01 Any hospitalization 49.5% 51.3% 49.2% 0.41 Any acute kidney injury 14.4% 24.6% 12.8% <0.01 The values represent the presence of chronic comorbid conditions including proteinuria counted up to last eligible creatinine or reaching primary end point, whichever occurred earlier; demographic data and renal function were assessed at the beginning of the study.
↵a Continuous variables expressed as means and SD.
Risk Factors Hazard Ratio 95% Confidence Interval Age (in years) 1.01 0.99, 1.02 Sex (female versus male) 2.65 1.40, 5.03 Race (black versus non-black) 0.91 0.71, 1.24 Baseline creatinine (per unit increase) 8.59 6.07, 12.15 Obesity 0.72 0.52, 0.98 Hypertension 1.82 1.41, 2.37 Proteinuria 3.54 2.47, 5.08 AKI 3.56 2.76, 4.61 Number of episodes AKI (each episode, up to three) 2.02 1.78, 2.30 Final models included covariates. The table shows multivariable Cox regression models in hospitalized patients predicting stage 4 CKD, including time-dependent comorbid conditions occurring up to the last eligible creatinine or end point. AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
GFR Categoriesa n Hazard Ratio for AKI Episodesb 95% Confidence Intervals GFR <60 306 1.61 1.28, 2.03 GFR 60 to 90 841 2.33 1.93, 2.81 GFR >90 675 2.27 1.69, 3.06 ↵a Baseline GFR estimated by four variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (ml/min per 1.73 m2) at the beginning of the study period.
↵b Multivariate Cox regression model in hospitalized patients, counting up to three AKI (acute kidney injury) episodes, and adjusted for demographics and comorbid conditions.
In this issue
Jump to section
More in this TOC Section
Original Articles
Acute Kidney Injury/Acute Renal Failure
Cited By...
- The Relationship between AKI and CKD in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Cohort Study
- 11. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2021
- Decision Algorithm for Prescribing SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Acute Kidney Injury: A Bona Fide Complication of Diabetes
- Mortality and Recovery Associated with Kidney Failure due to Acute Kidney Injury
- Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury
- Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade after Acute Kidney Injury: The Plot Thickens
- 11. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020
- Progression of chronic kidney disease in African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus using topology learning in electronic medical records
- 11. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2019
- Modeling epigenetic modifications in renal development and disease with organoids and genome editing
- Risk of Preeclampsia and Pregnancy Complications in Women With a History of Acute Kidney Injury
- Cardiac and Vascular Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: The 20th International Consensus Conference of the ADQI (Acute Disease Quality Initiative) Group
- Risk of Hypoglycemia Following Hospital Discharge in Patients With Diabetes and Acute Kidney Injury
- 10. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2018
- Proximal Tubulopathy: Prime Mover and Key Therapeutic Target in Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Three-year outcomes after acute kidney injury: results of a prospective parallel group cohort study
- Chronic Kidney Disease Progression and Cardiovascular Outcomes Following Cardiac Catheterization--A Population-Controlled Study
- Severity and Frequency of Proximal Tubule Injury Determines Renal Prognosis
- Predictors of Recurrent AKI
- Progression after AKI: Understanding Maladaptive Repair Processes to Predict and Identify Therapeutic Treatments
- Hypoxia: The Force that Drives Chronic Kidney Disease
- Acute kidney injury in patients with acute coronary syndromes
- What Is the Appropriate Use of Renal Sonography in an Inner-City Population With New-Onset Acute Kidney Injury?
- Acute Kidney Injury: Quoi de Neuf?
- The Modern Spectrum of Renal Biopsy Findings in Patients with Diabetes
- AKI Transition of Care: A Potential Opportunity to Detect and Prevent CKD
- The Inexorable Rise of AKI: Can We Bend the Growth Curve?
- Persistent Renal Damage After Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Incidence, Evolution, Risk Factors, and Prognosis