Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Particpant recruitment and follow-up flow diagram. *Five participants with estimated GFR above the exclusion level were scheduled and completed the baseline visit in error.
Tables
Parameter Visit Screening Baseline 6 mo 12 mo 18 mo 24 mo 30 mo 36 mo 42 mo 48 mo 54 mo 60 mo Type of contact Visit Visit Phone Visit Phone Visit Phone Visit Phone Visit Phone Visit Informed consent • Medical record consent • • • • Contact information • • • • • • • • • • • • Labs: creatinine, glucose • Demographic information • Eligibility confirmation • Medical history • • • • • • Genetic blood sample • • • • • • Labs: CBC, metabolic panel, lipids • • • • • • 24-h urine • • • • • • BP • • • • • • Anthropometric measures • • • • • • Ankle brachial index • • • • • • Bioelectric impedance assessment • • • • • • Nail clippings • • • • • • Electrocardiogram • • • • • • Echocardiogram • • EBT or MDCT (one third subcohort) • • Iothalamate-GFR (one third subcohort) • • • Pulse wave velocity • • Physical assessment • • • Medications • • • • • • • KDQOL quality of life (43) • • • • • • Diet History Questionnaire (44) • • • Mini Mental Status Exam (45) • • • MDRD Symptom Index (46) • • • • • • Beck Depression Inventory (47) • • • Physical Activity (48,49) • • • Kansas City Questionnaire (50) • • • • • Recent medical history • • • • • • • • • • • -
↵a CBC, complete blood count; CRIC, Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort; EBT, electron-beam tomography; MDCT, multidetector computed tomography; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; KDQOL, Kidney Disease Quality of Life.
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Eligibility criteria Age stratum (yr)/eligible eGFR range (ml/min per 1.73 m2)a 21 to 44/20 to 70 45 to 64/20 to 60 65 to 74/20 to 50 Exclusion criteria institutionalized (e.g., prisoner, nursing home or skilled nursing facility resident) unable or unwilling to give consent unlikely or unable to participate in required study procedures New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure (baseline) known cirrhosis known HIV infection and/or AIDS pregnant women previously received dialysis for {my]1 mo previous organ or bone marrow transplant received immunosuppressive or other immunotherapy for primary renal disease or systemic vasculitis within the past 6 mo previous chemotherapy or alkylating agents for systemic cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer within 2 yr previous diagnosis of multiple myeloma or renal carcinoma polycystic kidney disease current participation in interventional clinical trial or in a research study -
↵a Based on simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation.
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Variable Cohort(n = 3612) Subcohort with iGFR (n = 1288) Diabetes(n = 1683) No Diabetes(n = 1929) P for Diabetes versus No Diabetes Age (yr; mean ± SD) 58.2 ± 11.0 56.1 ± 12.5 59.5 ± 9.8 57.1 ± 11.8 0.0001 Gender (n [%]) 0.2516 male 1959 (54) 713 (55) 931 (55) 1028 (53) female 1653 (46) 575 (45) 754 (45) 899 (47) Racial/ethnic group (n [%]) 0.0001 non-Hispanic white 1638 (45) 713 (46) 931 (39) 1028 (51) 0.2516 non-Hispanic black/African American 1651 (46) 532 (41) 849 (50) 802 (42) Hispanic 169 (5) 69 (5) 111 (7) 58 (3) otherb 154 (4) 99 (8) 76 (5) 78 (4) 0.0001 Annual household income (n [%]) 0.0001 ≤$20,000 1009 (28) 297 (23) 565 (34) 444 (23) $20,001 to $50,000 906 (25) 338 (26) 432 (26) 474 (24) $50,001 to $100,000 725 (20) 306 (24) 281 (17) 444 (23) >$100,000 389 (11) 153 (12) 134 (8) 255 (13) no response 583 (16) 193 (15) 271 (16) 312 (16) Educational attainment (n [%]) 0.0001 <7th grade 60 (2) 16 (1) 41 (2) 19 (1) 7th to 12th grade 545 (15) 153 (12) 319 (19) 226 (12) high school diploma 695 (19) 239 (19) 339 (20) 356 (18) vocational degree 184 (5) 64 (5) 98 (6) 86 (4) some college 921 (26) 319 (25) 440 (26) 481 (25) college graduate 696 (19) 298 (23) 281 (17) 415 (22) graduate degree 510 (14) 198 (15) 167 (10) 343 (18) Tobacco use (n [%]) current smoker 494 (14) 151 (12) 212 (13) 282 (15) 0.0733 >100 cigarettes during lifetime 2019 (56) 667 (52) 983 (58) 1036 (54) 0.0057 Medical history (n [%]) hypertension 3094 (86) 1091 (85) 1552 (92) 1542 (80) 0.0001 MI or coronary revascularization 810 (22) 225 (17) 493 (29) 317 (17) 0.0001 chronic heart failure 357 (10) 86 (7) 245 (15) 112 (6) 0.0001 PAD 250 (7) 80 (6) 181 (11) 69 (4) 0.0001 BP variables SBP (mmHg; mean ± SD) 127.7 ± 21.9 127.8 ± 21.3 132.4 ± 22.5 123.6 ± 20.5 0.0001 DBP (mmHg; mean ± SD) 71.4 ± 12.8 72.4 ± 12.7 69.4 ± 12.9 73.1 ± 12.8 0.0001 MAP (mmHg; mean ± SD) 90.2 ± 13.8 90.9 ±13.2 90.4 ± 13.9 89.9 ± 13.6 0.3113 BP >130/80 mmHg (n [%]) 1686 (47) 626 (49) 882 (53) 804 (42) 0.0001 Weight (kg; mean ± SD) 92.0 ± 23.7 89.9 ± 21.2 97.7 ± 24.2 87.1 ± 22.1 0.0001 BMI (kg/m2; mean ± SD) 32.1 ± 7.9 31.3 ± 7.0 34.1 ± 8.2 30.3 ± 7.2 0.0001 BMI (kg/m2; n [%]) 0.0001 <25.0 607 (17) 234 (18) 179 (11) 428 (22) 25.0 to 29.9 1017 (28) 380 (30) 388 (23) 629 (33) 0.0001 >30.0 1987 (55) 673 (52) 1118 (67) 869 (45) ABI<0.9 (n [%]) 526 (15) 173 (14) 335 (20) 191 (10) 0.0001 Kidney function measures adjusted serum creatinine(mg/dl; mean ± SD) 1.73 ± 0.57 1.68 ± 0.56 1.80 ± 0.56 1.66 ± 0.56 0.0001 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2; mean ± SD) 43.4 ± 13.5 45.2 ± 14.1 41.4 ± 12.9 45.1 ± 13.8 0.0001 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2; n [%]) <15 3 (0) 2 (0) 1 (0) 2 (0) 0.0001 15 to 29 664 (18) 206 (16) 351 (21) 313 (16) 30 to 59 2532 (70) 887 (69) 1197 (71) 1335 (70) 60 to 89 389 (11) 187 (15) 126 (8) 263 (14) >90 8 (0) 4 (0) 4 (0) 4 (0) urine protein/24 h (g; median (IQR) 0.17 (0.07 to 0.81) 0.18 (0.07 to 0.90) 0.32 (0.09 to 1.49) 0.11 (0.06 to 0.43) 0.0001 ACEI or ARB therapy (n [%]) 2462 (68) 880 (68) 1336 (79) 1126 (58) 0.0001 Lipoproteins (mg/dl; mean ± SD) total cholesterol 183.0 ± 44.5 183.8 ± 47.1 177.0 ± 47.2 188.2 ± 41.3 0.0001 LDL cholesterol 102.5 ± 35.0 103.4 ± 36.6 96.4 ± 36.4 107.8 ± 33.7 0.0001 HDL cholesterol 48.1 ± 15.6 47.5 ± 15.7 45.7 ± 13.9 50.2 ± 16.8 0.0001 triglycerides 154.2 ± 115.6 152.2 ± 112.5 166.2 ± 130.3 143.6 ± 99.8 0.0001 Hemoglobin (g/dl; mean ± SD) 12.7 ± 1.8 12.6 ± 1.7 12.1 ± 1.7 13.2 ± 1.7 0.0001 Serum calcium (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 9.2 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.5 9.1 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.5 0.0001 Serum phosphorus (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 3.7 ± 0.7 3.7 ± 0.7 3.9 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.6 0.0001 Total PTH (pg/ml; median [IQR]) 53.0 (34.0 to 88.0) 52.9 (34.0 to 85.0) 60.0 (37.1 to 102.4) 48.5 (32.5 to 78.0) 0.0001 Blood glucose (mg/dl; median [IQR]) 97.0 (86.0 to 124.0) 97.0 (86.0 to 121.0) 127.0 (100.0 to 163.0) 90.0 (84.0 to 98.0) 0.0001 Glycosylated hemoglobin (%; mean ± SD 6.6 ± 1.6 6.6 ± 1.6 7.7 ± 1.7 5.7 ± 0.5 0.0001 -
↵a ABI, ankle-brachial index; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic BP; eGFR, estimated GFR; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; IQR, interquartile range; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; SB{, systolic BP.
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↵b Includes Asian/Pacific Islander and Native American individuals.
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Variable eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) P <30 30 to <40 40 to <50 50 to <60 ≥60 n 667 844 968 720 397 Age (yr; mean ± SD) 58.7 ± 11.2 59.6 ± 11.0 60.0 ± 10.4 57.7 ± 10.1 51.5 ± 11.0 0.0001 Gender (n [%]) 0.0001 male 311 (47) 440 (52) 568 (59) 406 (56) 226 (57) female 356 (53) 404 (48) 400 (41) 314 (44) 171 (43) Racial/ethnic group (n [%]) 0.0673 non-Hispanic white 277 (42) 386 (46) 461 (48) 348 (48) 160 (40) non-Hispanic black/African American 303 (45) 387 (46) 430 (44) 319 (44) 202 (51) Hispanic 55 (8) 43 (5) 32 (3) 21 (3) 18 (5) othera 32 (5) 28 (3) 45 (5) 32 (4) 17 (4) 0.0001 Annual household income (n [%]) 0.1435 ≤$20,000 249 (37) 292 (35) 232 (24) 155 (22) 72 (18) $20,001 to $50,000 179 (27) 199 (24) 267 (28) 162 (23) 96 (24) $50,001 to $100,000 103 (17) 150 (18) 187 (19) 171 (24) 108 (27) >$100,000 38 (6) 69 (8) 117 (12) 115 (16) 49 (12) no response 93 (14) 134 (16) 165 (17) 117 (16) 72 (18) Educational attainment (n [%]) 0.0001 <7th grade 27 (4) 15 (2) 10 (1) 4 (1) 2 (1) 7th to 12th grade 126 (18) 160 (19) 143 (15) 82 (11) 27 (7) high school diploma 145 (22) 177 (21) 189 (20) 112 (16) 69 (17) vocational degree 36 (5) 38 (5) 48 (5) 36 (5) 26 (7) some college 162 (24) 224 (27) 228 (24) 192 (27) 112 (28) college graduate 106 (16) 146 (17) 188 (19) 172 (24) 82 (21) graduate degree 65 (10) 84 (10) 162 (17) 122 (17) 76 (19) Tobacco use (n [%]) current smoker 110 (16) 122 (15) 117 (12) 84 (12) 54 (14) 0.0001 >100 cigarettes during lifetime 405 (61) 500 (59) 542 (56) 375 (52) 139 (48) 0.0189 Medical history (n [%]) hypertension 612 (92) 767 (91) 848 (88) 587 (82) 267 (67) 0.0001 diabetes 352 (53) 459 (54) 448 (46) 290 (40) 130 (33) 0.0001 MI or coronary revascularization 170 (26) 227 (27) 227 (23) 131 (18) 51 (13) 0.0001 chronic heart failure 97 (15) 103 (12) 91 (10) 43 (6) 19 (5) 0.0001 PAD 75 (11) 85 (10) 47 (5) 31 (4) 11 (4) 0.0001 BP variables . SBP (mmHg; mean ± SD) 130.5 ± 23.6 129.4 ± 23.2 127.7 ± 21.3 125.4 ± 20.2 123.5 ± 20.0 0.0001 DBP (mmHg; mean ± SD) 69.9 ± 13.3 70.0 ± 12.6 71.5 ± 12.7 72.3 ± 12.3 74.9 ± 12.8 0.0001 MAP (mmHg; mean ± SD) 90.1 ± 14.4 89.8 ± 14.0 90.2 ± 13.7 90.0 ± 13.1 91.1 ± 13.6 0.6042 BP >130/80 (mmHg; n [%]) 335 (50) 394 (47) 466 (48) 319 (45) 164 (42) 0.0001 Weight (kg; mean ± SD) 89.8 ± 24.8 92.3 ± 23.2 92.5 ± 23.3 93.3 ± 24.1 92.4 ± 22.6 0.0311 BMI (kg/m2; mean ± SD) 31.9 ± 8.4 32.5 ± 7.9 32.1 ± 7.8 32.2 ± 8.1 31.3 ± 7.1 0.2313 BMI category (kg/m2; n [%]) 0.9367 <25.0 134 (20) 128 (15) 150 (15) 121 (17) 74 (19) 25.0 to 29.9 182 (27) 238 (28) 275 (28) 206 (29) 112 (28) 0.0001 >30 353 (53) 480 (57) 544 (56) 392 (55) 212 (54) ABI <0.9 142 (22) 149 (18) 125 (13) 93 (13) 15 (4) 0.0001 Roche adjusted creatinine (mean ± SD) 2.56 ± 0.56 1.90 ± 0.32 1.56 ± 0.23 1.32 ± 0.20 1.14 ± 0.20 0.0001 Urine protein/24 h (g; median [IQR]) 0.58 (0.15 to 2.14) 0.26 (0.08 to 1.22) 0.13 (0.07 to 0.60) 0.10 (0.06 to 0.36) 0.10 (0.06 to 0.22) 0.0001 Lipoproteins total cholesterol (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 183.3 ± 51.2 182.5 ± 46.2 183.1 ± 42.1 183.2 ± 41.3 183.5 ± 39.6 0.8297 LDL cholesterol (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 99.7 ± 37.9 100.2 ± 35.3 103.1 ± 34.6 104.4 ± 33.3 107.3 ± 32.6 0.0001 HDL cholesterol (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 46.9 ± 15.5 47.4 ± 15.8 48.2 ± 14.9 48.8 ±16.0 50.2 ± 16.4 0.0004 triglycerides (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 168.1 ± 127.2 163.0 ± 123.4 151.4 ± 99.6 148.5 ± 127.2 129.9 ± 81.6 0.0001 Hemoglobin (g/dl; mean ± SD) 11.8 ± 1.7 12.3 ± 1.7 12.8 ± 1.7 13.2 ± 1.6 13.4 ± 1.6 0.0001 Serum calcium (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 9.1 ± 0.6 9.2 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.4 0.0002 Total iPTH (pg/ml; median [IQR]) 105.0 (64.0 to 172.0) 63.9 (41.0 to 100.0) 47.5 (32.0 to 74.0) 41.0 (29.7 to 59.1) 36.0 (27.3 to 50.3) 0.0001 Serum phosphorus(mg/dl; mean ± SD) 4.1 ± 0.8 3.8 ± 0.6 3.6 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.6 3.4 ± 0.5 0.0001 Blood glucose (mg/dl; median [IQR]) 97.0 (85.0 to 124.0) 98.0 (87.0 to 131.0) 100.0 (88.0 to 127.0) 95.0 (85.0 to 119.0) 94.0 (84.0 to 110.0) 0.0003 Glycosylated hemoglobin(%; mean ± SD) 6.7 ± 1.5 6.8 ± 1.6 6.7 ± 1.5 6.5 ± 1.4 6.3 ± 1.7 0.0001 Serum uric acid (mg/dl; mean ± SD) 8.2 ± 2.0 7.9 ± 1.9 7.3 ± 1.8 6.8 ± 1.6 6.2 ± 1.7 0.0001 -
↵a Includes Asian/Pacific Islander and Native American individuals.
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- Table 5.
Select anticipated and actual recruitment targets: Race/ethnic target distribution in CRIC Study
Race/Ethnic Group Anticipated (%) Actual (%) Non-Hispanic white 47.50 45.34 Non-Hispanic black 47.50 45.92 Othera 5.00 8.75 -
↵a For the purposes of recruitment goal, other group includes Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Native American individuals.
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- Table 6.
Select anticipated and actual recruitment targets: Age- and diabetes-status distribution in CRIC Study
Age Stratum (yr) Anticipated Recruitment (%) Actual Recruitment Cohort (%) No Diabetes Diabetes No Diabetes Diabetes 21 to 44 12.50 12.50 9.51 3.99 45 to 64 25.00 25.00 29.72 27.75 65 to 74 12.50 12.50 14.56 14.47
In this issue
Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study: Baseline Characteristics and Associations with Kidney Function
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Original Articles
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- Subtyping CKD Patients by Consensus Clustering: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
- Association of Multiple Plasma Biomarker Concentrations with Progression of Prevalent Diabetic Kidney Disease: Findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
- Slope of Kidney Function and Its Association with Longitudinal Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease among Individuals with CKD
- Systematic integrated analysis of genetic and epigenetic variation in diabetic kidney disease
- Risk Factors for CKD Progression: Overview of Findings from the CRIC Study
- Prognostic Significance of Ambulatory BP Monitoring in CKD: A Report from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
- Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension Assessed by Office and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease--A Report from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
- Anemia and Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease
- Progression of retinopathy and incidence of cardiovascular disease: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
- Association of 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Patterns with Cognitive Function and Physical Functioning in CKD
- Kidney Clearance of Secretory Solutes Is Associated with Progression of CKD: The CRIC Study
- Serum Calcification Propensity and Clinical Events in CKD
- Cardiac and Stress Biomarkers and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: The CRIC Study
- Impact of AKI on Urinary Protein Excretion: Analysis of Two Prospective Cohorts
- Burden and Outcomes of Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease
- Sex-Related Disparities in CKD Progression
- Cardiovascular Events after New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Adults with CKD: Results from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
- Patient Experience with Primary Care Physician and Risk for Hospitalization in Hispanics with CKD
- Variations in 24-Hour BP Profiles in Cohorts of Patients with Kidney Disease around the World: The I-DARE Study
- Self-Reported Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Association of Pulse Wave Velocity With Chronic Kidney Disease Progression and Mortality: Findings From the CRIC Study (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort)
- Time-Centered Approach to Understanding Risk Factors for the Progression of CKD
- Central Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease
- BP Measurement in Clinical Practice: Time to SPRINT to Guideline-Recommended Protocols
- Statistical Methods for Recurrent Event Analysis in Cohort Studies of CKD
- The Association of Sleep Duration and Quality with CKD Progression
- Patterns of NSAIDs Use and Their Association with Other Analgesic Use in CKD
- Statistical Methods for Modeling Time-Updated Exposures in Cohort Studies of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Anemia in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
- Association of QT-Prolonging Medication Use in CKD with Electrocardiographic Manifestations
- Blood Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis: The CRIC Study (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort)
- Statistical Methods for Cohort Studies of CKD: Survival Analysis in the Setting of Competing Risks
- Statistical Methods for Cohort Studies of CKD: Prediction Modeling
- Risk Factors for Heart Failure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: The CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study
- Urine Kidney Injury Biomarkers and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease Events and All-Cause Death: The CRIC Study
- Genome-Wide Association of CKD Progression: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
- CKD Progression and Mortality among Hispanics and Non-Hispanics
- Measurement Error as Alternative Explanation for the Observation that CrCl/GFR Ratio is Higher at Lower GFR
- Social Determinants of Racial Disparities in CKD
- Antihypertensive Medication in Patients Pre- and Postdialysis: Still Hazy After All These Years
- Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of ESRD in Adults with CKD
- Predictors and Outcomes of Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with CKD
- Health-Related Quality of Life in CKD--Advancing Patient-Centered Research to Transform Patient Care
- Change in Measured GFR Versus eGFR and CKD Outcomes
- Ankle Brachial Index and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
- Masked Hypertension and Elevated Nighttime Blood Pressure in CKD: Prevalence and Association with Target Organ Damage
- Genetic African Ancestry and Markers of Mineral Metabolism in CKD
- Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and CKD Progression
- Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Pulmonary Hypertension in CKD
- Sex Differences in the Incidence of Peripheral Artery Disease in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort
- Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Apparent Treatment Resistant Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: Report From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
- Human Heredity and Health (H3) in Africa Kidney Disease Research Network: A Focus on Methods in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study (CRIC): Overview and Summary of Selected Findings
- Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Score Is Associated With Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Without Previously Diagnosed Heart Failure: Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
- Elevated Serum Bicarbonate Concentration in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Call to Find the Cause
- Persistent High Serum Bicarbonate and the Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A Report From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study