Hydration Status Does Not Influence Peritoneal Equilibration Test Ultrafiltration Volumes

Materials and Methods

Results

Two-hundred eleven individual patients attending for a PET were studied (Table 1). Patients were treated by different modes of peritoneal dialysis: 32% continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 17% automated peritoneal dialysis with dry day (APD), 45% automated peritoneal dialysis with one daytime long dwell (CCPD), and 6% automated peritoneal dialysis with two daytime exchanges (OCPD). Most patients (77.7%) used 7.5% icodextrin and 27.8% used 22.7-g/L glucose containing dialysates, but no patient was treated with any higher glucose dialysate concentration. Few patients (15.2%) used neutral pH bicarbonate-based dialysates. Of the patients, 27.5% were diabetic and 68.2% were prescribed antihypertensive medication; the mean number of antihypertensive medications prescribed was 1.23 (range 0 to 6), and 65.8% were prescribed diuretics, typically frusemide.

The net volume of ultrafiltration drained during the PET was inversely related to the serum sodium and albumin concentrations (Table 2), but not associated with patient demographics (age, gender, diabetes, body mass index), dialysis modality (APD, CAPD, CCPD, or OCPD), dialysates (icodextrin with 22.7-g/L exchanges or bicarbonate-based neutral pH solutions), residual renal function, BP, BP medications, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), or hydration status as assessed by bioimpedance (r = −0.12, P = 0.096 for extracellular fluid adjusted for height, and r = −0.13, P = 0.068 when adjusted for normalized body surface area). There was no correlation between the ratio of extracellular water to total body water and PET ultrafiltration volumes (r = −0.06, P = 0.39). Multiple linear logistical regression models, based on the variables in Table 2, confirmed the results of the simple correlation analysis (Table 3). In addition, a further series of models were created based on extracellular fluid volumes and factors that have previously been suggested to affect peritoneal transport status, including blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, CRP, residual renal function, and Caucasian versus non-Caucasian race (13,14), but no significant correlations were found with PET ultrafiltration volumes. The PET ultrafiltration volumes corrected for body size did not statistically differ between men and women [median 232 (123 to 388) ml versus 316 (177 to 477) ml, respectively], diabetics versus nondiabetics [median 254 (142 to 371) ml versus median 261 (125 to 475) ml, respectively], those treated by CAPD compared with those using overnight cyclers [median 319 (171 to 442) ml versus 226 (86 to 421) ml, respectively], and those using icodextrin compared with patients only treated with glucose dialysates [median 261 (138 to 416) ml versus 277 (117 to 470) ml, respectively].

As expected, there was a correlation between the net ultrafiltration volume and the amount of sodium removed during the PET, between the dialysate-to-plasma ratios for sodium at 2 h and at the end of the PET test, and with the initial dialysate to final dialysate glucose concentration (Table 2). On further analysis, only the relationships to sodium were maintained (Table 3). There was also a relatively weak correlation between the PET net ultrafiltration volume, and that of the 24-h peritoneal net ultrafiltration volume (Figure 1), which was sustained on further analysis (Table 3). To investigate this further, a Bland–Altman plot was performed (Figure 2), which showed that there was limited agreement with a scatter of values. Although there was a positive correlation between the PET 4-h dialysate-to-plasma ratio for sodium and the dialysate to plasma ratio for creatinine (Figure 3), and also the PET ultrafiltrate corrected for body size (r = −0.25, P = 0.05), but, there was no correlation between the 4-h PET dialysate to plasma sodium ratio and total net 24-h peritoneal ultrafiltration volume (Figure 4). The 4-h PET dialysate to plasma creatinine ratio was greater in the diabetic patients [median 0.77 (0.69 to 0.86)] compared with the nondiabetic patients [0.70 (0.61 to 0.82), P = 0.0089].

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Figure 1.

There was a positive correlation between the net PET ultrafiltrate volume and the 24-h net peritoneal dialysate ultrafiltrate corrected for body surface area (1.73 m²).

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Figure 2.

Bland–Altman plot of the difference between the net PET and 24-h peritoneal dialysate volumes corrected for body surface area (1.73 m²) and compared with the mean of the sum of values.

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Figure 3.

There was a positive correlation between the PET 4-h dialysate to plasma creatinine (D/PCr) and the 4-h PET dialysate to plasma sodium (D/PNa) ratio.

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Figure 4.

There was no correlation between the 4-h dialysate to plasma sodium (D4/PNa) and the 24-h net peritoneal dialysate ultrafiltrate corrected for body surface area (1.73 m²). r = 0.09, P = 0.18.

Discussion

Over the last 25 yr the PET has been used to help guide the prescription of peritoneal dialysis and as such has been incorporated into many clinical guidelines and treatment protocols (3,15). Ultrafiltration during the PET depends on the balance between the different forces acting across the peritoneal capillaries and interstitial tissues. On one hand, capillary hydrostatic pressure moves fluid, passing through aquaporin water channels and small pores out from the capillaries because the intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure is typically much lower. Because elevated systemic BP is not transmitted down to the capillary level, it was not unexpected that there was no relationship between the systemic BP (systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure, or mean arterial pressure) and PET ultrafiltration losses; however, ultrafiltration was sustained even in those patients with marked chronic hypotension. On the other hand, capillary oncotic and osmotic pressures counteract the hydrostatic forces. In peritoneal dialysis, hypertonic glucose dialysates raise the osmolality in excess of the capillary, which creates the main initial driving force of ultrafiltration. Earlier reports have suggested that hyperglycemia in diabetic patients can lead to reduced PET ultrafiltration volumes (16). Despite our diabetic patients having a greater D4/Pcreatinine ratio than the nondiabetic patients, in keeping with other reports (6) we found no association between PET net ultrafiltration volumes and either blood glucose or hemoglobin A1c measurements. Our findings support the observations of previous studies (17).

During hemodialysis, it is easier to remove fluid by ultrafiltration when the patient is hypervolemic, rather than when close to “dry” or target weight (18). However, we found no association between absolute fluid volumes as determined by multifrequency bioimpedance or when patients were assessed for volume overload, either by extracellular fluid volume adjusted for height (19) or normalized body surface area. Icodextrin may better preserve the effective vascular volume and residual renal function than 22.7-g/L glucose exchanges (20), but we found no effect of different dialysates prescribed and PET net ultrafiltration volumes.

Inflammation both within the peritoneum (21) and systemically (22) can affect peritoneal transport. However, we did not find any relationship between CRP or log-transformed CRP and PET ultrafiltration volumes. Previous studies have reported reduced PET ultrafiltration shortly after an episode of peritonitis (16), although more recently the relationship between peritoneal transport and inflammation has been questioned (23). Inflammation typically leads to an increased CRP and fall in albumin. In this study we cannot exclude that any effect of CRP on ultrafiltration may have been obscured by the fall in albumin because of colinearity in the statistical models; however, we did observe a negative correlation with the serum albumin and sodium and net PET ultrafiltration volumes. Although the measurement of serum sodium can be affected by icodextrin and hyperglycemia (5,24), the correlation remained after correcting for a possible glucose effect (r = −0.39, P = <0.001) (24). Thus it is more likely that the lower sodium is associated with relative water retention as found in inflammatory states associated with chronic illness, often associated with loss of fat and poor nutrition (25,26), and this is in keeping with the reduced albumin (27). A relative increase in body water without sodium expands intracellular and extracellular volumes, therefore the overall ratio is not affected (28). In these patients, the osmotic gradient is increased because of the reduced capillary osmotic and oncotic pressure due to the lower sodium and albumin concentrations, resulting in greater PET ultrafiltration volumes.

As expected, those patients who have faster transport characteristics, with higher dialysate creatinine and lower glucose values at the end of the PET, had lower PET ultrafiltration volumes because of the dissipation of the glucose osmotic gradient. Similarly, because sodium removal is dependent on the ultrafiltration volume, as expected, net sodium losses during the PET were positively correlated with the ultrafiltration volume. There was an inverse correlation between the ratio of dialysate-to-serum sodium, even after correcting for a glucose effect (r = −0.286, P = 0.002) (24). This is most likely due to a reduced dialysate sodium concentration in association with increased ultrafiltration water loss, which would suggest that during the PET increasing ultrafiltration volumes resulted in relatively more water removal than sodium. This is because water movement is predominantly through aquaporin channels whereas sodium movement is through small pores and, because it is positively charged, sodium may be retarded by negatively charged matrix glycoproteins.

Although net peritoneal ultrafiltration during the PET test was associated with lower dialysate-to-plasma ratios for creatinine and sodium and final dialysate glucose to initial glucose concentration, there was no association of these variables with measured net 24-h ultrafiltration volumes.

Although there was a positive correlation between the PET ultrafiltration volume and peritoneal 24-h ultrafiltration volume, this was relatively weak and was shown to have a wide scatter on a Bland–Altman plot. In clinical practice, the choice of peritoneal dialysis modality and prescription depends not only on information obtained from the PET test, in terms of patient transporter status, but is also affected by other factors such as residual renal function, patient choice of peritoneal dialysis modality, constipation, and patient practices in terms of compliance with therapy and timing of exchanges, all of which can affect the net 24-h peritoneal ultrafiltration volume.

The PET ultrafiltration volume has been used to predict daily ultrafiltration losses and the PET dialysate effluent used to predict adequacy. As such, there has been criticism of using the PET to predict ultrafiltration and dialysis prescription on the basis of the results of a single exchange. This has led to the development of other programs based on the results from each peritoneal dialysis exchange (29,30).

The net PET ultrafiltration volume was independent of patient demographics, the choice of dialysate solutions, BP, residual renal function, and hydration status as assessed by extracellular fluid volumes. However, PET ultrafiltration volumes were inversely associated with serum sodium and albumin concentrations, suggesting that inflammation and protein malnutrition may affect ultrafiltration volumes (31).

Disclosures

None.