The Mobile Health Readiness of People Receiving In-Center Hemodialysis and Home Dialysis

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Figure 1.
Participant flow chart: Number of patients in participating centers, individuals approached for participation, and individuals who participated in the survey. *Home dialysis incompletions were not recorded (home dialysis includes peritoneal dialysis and home hemodialysis); ^#non-California = Texas and Tennessee.
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Figure 2.
Participants indicated they used or intended to use mobile health for a variety of tasks related to health management.
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Figure 3.
Unadjusted associations are shown between participant characteristics and mobile health proficiency. n=949 except for age group (three missing), sex (31 missing), ethnicity (nine missing), race (27 missing), and educational level (seven missing). 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Ref, reference.
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Figure 4.
Multivariable associations are shown between participant characteristics and mobile health proficiency. Complete patient analysis, n=891. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Ref, reference.

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients on dialysis survey participants

Characteristic	Overall (%)	In-Center Hemodialysis (%)	Home Dialysis (%)
No. of participants (row %)	949 (100)	632 (67)	317 (33)
California	770 (81)	510 (81)	260 (82)
Age group, yr
Under 45	146 (15)	80 (13)	66 (21)
45–60	305 (32)	191 (30)	114 (36)
61–70	241 (26)	180 (29)	61 (19)
Over 70	254 (27)	181 (29)	73 (23)
Women	348 (37)	230 (36)	118 (37)
Hispanic or Latinx = yes (“no” group not shown)	302 (32)	216 (34)	86 (27)
Black = yes (“no” group not shown)	181 (19)	119 (19)	62 (20)
Primary spoken language^a
English	758 (80)	515 (82)	243 (77)
Spanish	150 (16)	110 (17)	40 (13)
Other	77 (8)	39 (6)	38 (12)
Insurance coverage^b
Medicare	661 (70)	445 (70)	216 (68)
Medicaid	177 (19)	129 (20)	48 (15)
Commercial	288 (30)	209 (33)	79 (25)
Education
Less than high school diploma	140 (15)	109 (17)	31 (10)
High school diploma	261 (28)	185 (29)	76 (24)
Some college or more	541 (57)	337 (53)	204 (64)
Currently employed or student = yes (“no” group not shown)	171 (18)	72 (11)	99 (31)

↵a Percentages do not add up to 100% as some patients reported more than one primary spoken language.
↵b Percentages do not add up to 100% as some patients have more than one type of coverage. n (column percentage) is shown except for number of participants, where percentage is row percentage. Number of missing values: age group, three; sex, 31; ethnicity, nine; race, 27; and educational level, seven.

Table 2.

Mobile health technological readiness (in-center hemodialysis and home dialysis)

Characteristic	Overall	In-Center Hemodialysis	Home Dialysis
Internet use (yes)^a	686 (72%)	426 (68%)	260 (83%)
Frequency of internet use^b
Daily	505 (74%)	298 (70%)	207 (80%)
More than once weekly	112 (16%)	84 (20%)	28 (11%)
Less often	62 (9%)	44 (10%)	18 (7%)
Requires assistance to use the internet (yes)	73 (11%)	50 (12%)	23 (9%)
Reason for not using the internet,^c n	263	206	57
Don’t know how	100 (38%)	83 (40%)	17 (30%)
Don’t want to	116 (44%)	91 (44%)	25 (44%)
No internet-capable device	28 (11%)	21 (10%)	7 (12%)
No internet access	26 (10%)	19 (9%)	7 (12%)
Other	14 (5%)	13 (6%)	1 (2%)
Device availability^a
Smartphone	764 (81%)	513 (81%)	251 (79%)
Tablet	481 (51%)	320 (51%)	161 (51%)
Laptop	489 (52%)	321 (51%)	168 (53%)
Desktop	357 (38%)	227 (36%)	130 (41%)
Wearable	94 (10%)	61 (10%)	33 (10%)
None	78 (8%)	65 (10%)	13 (4%)
Technological readiness	667 (70%)	421 (67%)	246 (78%)

↵a Percentages in this section are from all respondents.
↵b Percentages in this section are from those who reported using the internet.
↵c Percentages in this section are from those who reported not using the internet. N (column percentage) is shown except for internet use (yes), where percentage is row percentage. Number of missing values: internet use, three; frequency of use, ten; need for assistance, ten; and other variables, zero.