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Tables
- Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants for prevalent cognitive impairment (cross-sectional) analysis by tertiles of baseline serum sodium levels
Variable Tertile 1 (126–140 mmol/L) (n=1814) Tertile 2 (141–142 mmol/L) (n=1818) Tertile 3 (143–153 mmol/L) (n=1803) Age, yr 74±6 74±6 74±6 Race (% white)a 89 92 92 Education High school or less 23 24 27 Some college 24 23 22 College 18 18 18 Some graduate school 11 11 11 Graduate school 25 24 23 Smokinga Never smoker 36 38 38 Current smoker 5 3 3 Former smoker 59 59 59 Alcohol intake, ≥12 drinks in past 12 moa 68 64 63 BMI category Underweight 0.2 0.1 0.1 Normal weight 28 27 26 Overweight 51 50 52 Obese 21 23 22 Physical activity score 146±70 147±67 148±68 CKD-EPI eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 76±16 75±15 75±15 Serum glucose, mg/dla 109±29 105±23 103±18 CVD 24 24 23 Diabetesa 14 10 9 Hypertensiona 48 40 42 Stroke 6 5 6 COPD 11 10 11 Excellent or good health status 85 84 86 SF-12 MCS score 55.6±7.1 55.7±6.8 55.4±6.9 Thiazide diuretic usea 17 11 10 3MS score 93±6 93±6 93±6 Trails B, time, sa 138±62 133±57 134±58 Serum sodium, mmol/La 139±2 139; (138, 140) 142±1; 142 (141, 142) 144±1; 144 (143, 145) Data are mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or %. Serum glucose is missing for n=141, thiazide diuretic use is missing for n=211, and Trails B time is missing for n=53. P values are comparisons across tertiles made using a chi-squared test for categoric data and ANOVA for continuous variables. BMI, body-mass index; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SF-12 MCS score, Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short Form Mental Health Composite Score (health-related quality of life); 3MS, modified Mini-Mental Status examination; Trails B, Trail Making Test Part B.
↵a P<0.05 across tertiles by chi-squared test for categoric data and ANOVA for continuous variables.
- Table 2.
Associations (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) between tertiles of serum sodium levels and prevalent cognitive impairment by logistic regression models (cross-sectional analysis)
Model Tertile 1 (126–140 mmol/L) (n=1814) Tertile 2 (141–142 mmol/L) (n=1818) Tertile 3 (143–153 mmol/L) (n=1803) Continuous (per 5 mmol/L lower serum sodium) Unadjusted 1.26 (1.04 to 1.52) Ref 1.10 (0.90 to 1.33) 1.19 (1.02 to 1.37) Model 1 1.31 (1.07 to 1.61) Ref 1.11 (0.90 to 1.36) 1.24 (1.06 to 1.45) Model 2 1.32 (1.08 to 1.62) Ref 1.11 (0.90 to 1.37) 1.25 (1.07 to 1.47) Model 3 1.30 (1.05 to 1.59) Ref 1.10 (0.90 to 1.36) 1.24 (1.05 to 1.45) Model 4 1.30 (1.06 to 1.61) Ref 1.09 (0.88 to 1.34) 1.24 (1.05 to 1.46) The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 15% (n=274), 12% (n=225), and 13% (n=242) for tertile 1, tertile 2, and tertile 3. Model 1: adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and education. Model 2: adjusted for model 1, smoking, alcohol intake, body-mass index category, and physical activity. Model 3: model 2+eGFR (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation), and history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Model 4: model 3+quality-of-life measures and serum glucose level. Serum glucose level is missing in n=141.
- Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of study participants for cognitive decline (longitudinal) analysis by tertiles of baseline serum sodium levels
Variable Tertile 1 (126–140 mmol/L) (n=1175) Tertile 2 (141–142 mmol/L) (n=1214) Tertile 3 (143–153 mmol/L) (n=1222) Age, yr 72±5 72±5 73±5 Race (% white)a 92 93 95 Education High school or less 18 19 21 Some college 23 23 22 College 19 19 20 Some graduate school 12 13 12 Graduate school 28 26 26 Smoking Never smoker 38 39 40 Current smoker 4 2 3 Former smoker 58 39 58 Alcohol, ≥12 drinks in past 12 mo 71 68 68 BMI category Underweight 0.2 0.1 0.1 Normal weight 28 26 24 Overweight 50 51 55 Obese 21 23 21 Physical activity score 155±69 153±66 152±66 CKD-EPI eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 77±14 76±14 76±14 Serum glucose, mg/dla 107±28 105±22 103±18 CVD 20 20 20 Diabetesa 11 9 7 Hypertensiona 44 38 40 Stroke 4 4 4 COPD 9 10 10 Excellent or good health status 89 91 89 SF-12 MCS score 56.1±6.6 56.2±6.2 56.2±5.9 Thiazide diuretic usea 14 11 10 3MS score 95±4 95±4 95±3 Trails B time, s 116±39 115±38 115±36 Serum sodium, mmol/La 139±2; 139 (138, 140) 142±1; 142 (141, 142) 144±1; 144 (143, 145) Data are mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or %. Serum glucose is missing in n=81, thiazide diuretic use is missing for n=150, and change in Trails B time is missing for n=28. P values are comparisons across tertiles made using a chi-squared test for categoric data and ANOVA for continuous variables. BMI, body-mass index; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SF-12 MCS score, Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short Form Mental Health Composite Score (health-related quality of life); 3MS, modified Mini-Mental Status examination; Trails B, Trail Making Test Part B.
↵a P<0.05 across tertiles by chi-squared test for categoric data and ANOVA for continuous variables.
- Table 4.
Associations (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) between tertiles of serum sodium levels with cognitive decline by logistic regression models (longitudinal analysis)
Variable Tertile 1 (126–140 mmol/L) (n=1175) Tertile 2 (141–142 mmol/L) (n=1214) Tertile 3 (143–153 mmol/L) (n=1222) Continuous (per 5 mmol/L lower serum sodium) Unadjusted 1.36 (1.06 to 1.75) Ref 1.30 (1.02 to 1.67) 1.01 (0.83 to 1.24) Model 1 1.37 (1.06 to 1.77) Ref 1.32 (1.03 to 1.70) 0.99 (0.81 to 1.22) Model 2 1.38 (1.07 to 1.78) Ref 1.33 (1.03 to 1.71) 1.00 (0.82 to 1.22) Model 3 1.37 (1.06 to 1.77) Ref 1.33 (1.03 to 1.71) 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) Model 4 1.37 (1.06 to 1.77) Ref 1.32 (1.03 to 1.71) 0.97 (0.79 to 1.19) The incidence of cognitive decline was 14% (n=159), 10% (n=125), and 13.0% (n=159) for tertile 1, tertile 2, and tertile 3. Model 1: adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and education. Model 2: adjusted for model 1, smoking, alcohol intake, body-mass index category, and physical activity. Model 3: model 2+eGFR (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation), and history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Model 4: model 3+quality of life and serum glucose level. Serum glucose is missing in n=81.
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