Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Distribution of AAC score in KSFs and healthy controls. The plot shows the distribution of AAC score in participants with and without stones. In the multivariate model adjusted for age, sex, high BP, diabetes, smoking status, and eGFR, the relationship between AAC severity score and kidney stone disease remained significant (P<0.001). The bottom and top of the box represent the first and third quartiles, the line represents the second quartile (median), the whiskers represent 1.5 times the interquartile range of the first and third quartiles, and the circles represent any values lying outside the whiskers. AAC, aortic calcification; KSF, kidney stone former.
- Figure 2.
Distribution of CT BMD in KSFs and healthy controls. The plot shows the distribution of CT BMD in participants with and without stones. In the multivariate model adjusted for age, sex, high BP, diabetes, smoking status and eGFR, the relationship between osteoporosis and kidney stone disease remained significant (P<0.001). The bottom and the top of the box represent the first and third quartiles, the line represents the second quartile (median), the whiskers represent 1.5 times the interquartile range of the first and third quartiles, and the circles represent any values lying outside the whiskers. BMD, bone mineral density; CT, computed tomography.
- Figure 3.
Distribution of urinary excretion of calcium among KSFs with and without vascular calcification. Urinary excretion of calcium was roughly similar among patients with and without an AAC score >0 (median 280 mg/d [120, 400] versus 288 mg/d [140, 360], P=0.86).The bottom and the top of the box represent the first and third quartiles, the line represents the second quartile (median), and the whiskers represent 1.5 times the interquartile range of the first and third quartiles.
Tables
Clinical Characteristic KSFs (n=57) Non-KSFs (n=54) P Value Age, yr 47±14 47±13 0.82 Men 32 (56) 31 (57) 0.89 Comorbiditiesa Systemic hypertension 17 (35) 5 (9) 0.002 Diabetes mellitus 5 (10) 1 (2) 0.07 Smokingb 4 (12)b 16 (30) 0.06 Laboratory results Sodium, mEq/L 141±2 143±2 0.02 Potassium, mEq/L 4.3±0.3 4.4±0.3 0.20 Calcium, mg/dl 9.4±0.4 9.6±0.4 0.26 Phosphorus, mg/dl 3.1±0.6 3.4±0.6 0.04 Magnesium, mg/dl 0.84±0.12 Uric acid, mg/dl 5.5±1.3 Urea nitrogen, mg/dl 16±5.9 14.8±2.8 0.58 Creatinine, mg/dl 1±0.4 0.9±0.1 0.45 eGFR, ml/min–1 per 1.73 m–2 91±22 91±15 0.31 Bicarbonate, mEq/L 26±2 25±2 0.02 Glucose, mg/dl 88±18 93±18 0.08 Albumin, g/L 46±3 47±3 0.66 Parathyroid hormone (range, 1.6–6.9 pmol/L) 4.3 (3.1, 6.9) 25(OH)vitamin D, nmol/L 43 (28, 64) 24-h urine collection (n=36) Volume, liters 2.0±0.9 Sodium mEq/d 156±46 Potassium, mEq/d 69±20 Calcium, mg/d 280 (124, 400) Phosphorus, mg/d 806±270 Oxalate, mg/d 30±7.2 Uric acid, mg/d 584±150 Citrate, mg/d 420 (360, 670) Creatinine, mg/d 1144±352 - Table 2.
Incidence of vascular calcification and osteoporosis in KSFs and healthy non-stone formers as detected by the unadjusted analyses
Group KSFs (n=57) Non-KSFs (n=54) P Value Patients with AAC 22/57 (38) 19/54 (35) 0.69 Men 9/31 (28) 9/31(29) Women 12/23 (52) 10/23 (43) Median AAC scorea 0 (0, 43) 0 (0, 10) <0.001 Patients with osteoporosisb 16/51 (31) 9/54 (17) 0.11 Men 5 (9.8) 4 (14) Women 7 (14) 5 (9) Average CT BMD, HU 159±53 194±48 <0.001 Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; CT, computed tomography; BMD, bone mineral density; HU, Hounsfield unit.
↵a AAC score, which was not normally distributed, is shown as the median (25th percentile, 75th percentile).
↵b Osteoporosis is defined as CT attenuation <135 HU at the L1 level. In the KSFs, data were available in 51 patients.
- Table 3.
Results of regression models for the estimated difference in AAC or CT BMD between KSFs and non-stone formers
Analysis Difference (95% Confidence Interval) Akaike Information Criterion P Value AAC Univariate 3.56 units (3.39 to 3.78) 631.03 0.01 Multivariate 3.78 units (3.53 to 4.06) 445.88 <0.001 CT BMD Univariate −34.58 HU (−53.85 to −15.32) 1110.70 <0.001 Multivariate −35.88 HU (−55.95 to −15.82) 870.63 <0.001 Multivariate models are adjusted for age, sex, high BP, diabetes, smoking status, and eGFR. The r2 statistics are not presented because the model for AAC is a zero-inflated negative binomial and does not allow r2 computation. The Akaike information criterion is presented as a similar measure of fit.
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