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New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in the Kidney Recipient: Diagnosis and Management Strategies

Roy D. Bloom^*, and Michael F. Crutchlow

^* Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Correspondence: Dr. Roy D. Bloom, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Founders Building, First Floor, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Phone: 215-662-4643; Fax: 215-349-5703; E-mail: rdbloom{at}mail.med.upenn.edu

Advancing care has markedly improved survival after kidney transplantation, leaving patients susceptible to the effects of chronic transplant-associated morbidities. New-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) is common in kidney recipients, threatening health and longevity by predisposing to microvascular and cardiovascular disease and by reducing graft survival. A strong rationale therefore exists for the aggressive treatment of NODM in kidney recipients to limit these complications. Screening for diabetes should be systematic and should span the pre- and posttransplantation periods. Once NODM is diagnosed in the kidney transplant patient, a comprehensive plan of therapy should be used to achieve treatment targets. As in the general population, treatment includes lifestyle modification and drug therapy as needed, but transplant-specific factors add complexity to the care of kidney recipients. Among these, minimizing immunosuppression-related toxicity without compromising graft outcomes is of paramount importance. Preexisting allograft functional impairment and the potential for significant interactions with immunosuppressive agents mandate that the expanding armamentarium of hypoglycemic agents be used with care. A team-oriented treatment approach that capitalizes on the collective expertise of transplant physicians, diabetologists, nurse-educators, and dieticians will optimize both glycemic control and the overall health of hyperglycemic kidney recipients.